صفحه تبادل اطلاعات برنامه یکساله اداره تجارت DBA
Diploma in Business Administration Program Students' Pageصفحه تبادل اطلاعات برنامه یکساله اداره تجارت DBA
Diploma in Business Administration Program Students' Page( سمستر اول ) ( ۴ ) گرامر لسان انگلیسی College English Grammar
CHAPTER 1
PRESENT TIME
The Simple Present Tense
Present Progressive Tense
WHAT IS GRAMMAR?
• The structure of a language
• The skeleton of a language
• The backbone of a language
• The rules of a language
• The basic principles of a language
Language usage
(Grammar)• The scientific study of a language.
• A set of rules that tells how to speak and write correctly.
• The rules in a language for changing the form of words and joining them into sentences.
• The rules that governs the use of language.
TENSE OR TIME?
• Tense is a grammatical term. It means time.
• Time is a conversational word.
E.g.
– Yesterday=time
– Past=tense
Tense
• A set of verb forms that indicate when the action happens i.e. Past, Present, Future
• OR
• Verb form that shows when the action takes place.
English Grammar Tenses
• Present Tense:
– Simple Present Tense
– Present progressive Tense
– Present Perfect Tense
– Present Perfect Progressive Tense
• Past Tense:
– Simple Past Tense
– Past Progressive Tense
– Past Perfect
– Past Perfect Progressive
• Future Tense:
– Simple Future Tense
– Future Progressive Tense
– Future Prefect Tense
– Future Perfect Progressive Tense
Simple Present Tense
It expresses an action that happens:
• Repeatedly
E.g. Khalil often visits his family.
• Regularly/ Every day
E.g. I receive bank statement every month.
E.g. Mohammad goes to his office everyday.
• Habitually
E.g. Ali drinks water before he goes to bed.
• General truth
E.g. The sun rises in the east.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
(other usages)• In Dramatic Narratives
E.g. He rushes forward and deals a blow to him.
• Headlines (meaning past)
E.g. Karzai meets Bush.
• Game Commentary
E.g. He throws the ball and it hits the wickets.
• Future Scheduled Activities
E.g. The match starts at 7:00 tomorrow morning.
Present Progressive Tense
StructureSUB + TO BE + V(ing) + Complement
Najib is writing his assignment.
• Question:
– To be + Sub + V (ing) + Complement?
– Is Najib writing his assignments?
• Negative:
– Sub + To be(not) + V (ing) + complement.
– Najib is not writing his assignment.
Right and wrong usage
Wrong
• The grapes are taste sour.
• I am thinking you are wrong.
• She is looking sad.
• He is having a cellular phone.
Right
• The grapes taste sour.
• I think you are wrong.
• She looks sad.
• He has a cellular phone.
Some verbs can be used in Present progressive with the change of meaning.
Usage
• I am thinking of going to Malaysia.
• She is tasting the soup to check the salt.
• They are having lunch.
Meaning
• Think of=consider the idea of
• Taste = test the flavor of
• Have = eat
CHAPTER 2
PAST TIME
Simple Past Tense
Past Progressive Tense
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
n It shows an action or state that began and ended at a clear time in the past.
E.g. Ahmed ate lunch at 1:00pm.
Sana washed the dishes last night.
Simple Past Tense
StructureSUB + 2ND (V) + COMPLEMENT.
Hamid went to university at 8:00am.
Did + Sub + Verb + Complement?
Did Hamid go to university at 8:00am?
Sub + Did (not) + Verb + Complement.
Hamid didn’t go to university at 8:00am.
THE PRINCIPLE PARTS OF THE VERB
In English grammar, a verb has four principle forms.
1. Base/Simple form (speak)
2. Simple Past (spoke)
3. Past Participle (spoken)
4. Present Participle (speaking)
Regular Verbs Vs Irregular Verbs
1. Verbs that take d/ed for their past and past participle forms.
E.g. Cook, Work, Stress, Walk, Pound…
1. Verbs that do not take d/ed for their 2nd and 3rd forms.
E.g. Eat, Break, Speak, Hurt…
Spelling of (ING) and (ED) Forms
1. Verbs ending in (e):
-Add only (d) e.g. Smile- Smiled
-Remove (e) and add (ing) e.g. Smile- Smiling
1. Verbs ending in double consonant: (C+C)
-Add (ed) e.g. Help- Helped
-Add (ing) e.g. Help- Helping
2. Verbs ending in single consonant followed by double vowel.
-Add (ed) e.g. Rain- Rained
-Add (ing) e.g. Rain- Raining
2. Verbs ending in (Y)
Followed by a vowel
-Add Only (ed)
E.g. Play-Played
-Add only (ing)
E.g. Play-Playing
Followed by a consonant
*Change Y-to- i
Add (ed)
E.g. Cry-Cried
-Add only (ing)
E.g. Cry-Crying
3. Verbs ending (IE):
Just Add (d), Change ie-Y and add (Ing)
E.g. Die- Died-Dying
4. Verbs ending in single vowel followed by a single consonant
One Syllable
Double the last consonant.
*Add (ed) e.g. Stopped
*Add (ing) e.g. Stopping
Two Syllables
First Syllable Stress.
*Add (ed) Open-Opened
*Add (ing) Open- Opening
-Second Syllable Stress.
Double the last consonant .
*Add (ed) Admit-Admitted
*Add (ing) Admit-Admitting
PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE
1. Shows an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past.
E.g. I was waiting for you at 7:00pm yesterday.
1. Shows two actions that were in progress in the past and did not interrupt each other.
E.g. While I was cooking, Masood was making salad.
1. Shows that one action was in progress when the second action occurred.
E.g. When Ali came, the teacher was teaching.
While the teacher was teaching, Ali came.
Past Progressive Tense Structure
SUB + WAS/WERE + V (ING) + COMPLEMENT
Frishta was cleaning her room at 10:00 o’clock.
WAS/WERE + SUB + V (ING) + COMPLEMENT?
Was Frishta cleaning her room at 10:00 o’clock?
SUB + WAS/WERE (NOT) + V (ING) +COMPLEMENT.
Frishta was not cleaning her room at 10:00 o’clock.
Time Clause
n A clause is a group of related words that has subject and verb.
When/While/Before/After + Sub + Verb
*When the time clause comes first, we use comma before main clause.
E.g. John escaped when the police came.
When the police came, John escaped
USED TO
n It is an expression.
n It expresses a past situation or habit that no longer exists at present.
E.g. Khalid used to be our classmate.
E.g. Did Khalid use to be our classmate?
*We use it only in the past.
*We use base form of the verb after used to.
CHAPTER 3
FUTURE TIME
Simple Future Tense
(Ways to Express Future)
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
n It shows an action or state that will take place in future. OR
n It shows an action that will happen in coming time.
E.g. Kabir will study BBA after two years.
I am going to see you tomorrow.
Simple Future Tense
StructureSUB + WILL + (V) + COMPLEMENT.
Jamil will buy a car from Herat next year.
Will + Sub + Verb + Complement?
Will Jamil buy a car from Herat next year?
Sub + will (not) + Verb + Complement.
Jamil will not (won’t) buy a car from Herat next year.
PROBABLY with WILL
Probably is an adverb. It shows possibility.
• In negative, it comes before WILL.
• E.g. Mansoor probably won’t join us today.
• In positive, it comes after WILL.
• E.g. Mansoor will probably join us tomorrow.
Ways to Express Future
Ø Will(no control, think or believe)
I will be twenty next Sunday.
I think Sana will get a first class.
Ø Be going to(decided actions)
I am going to fly to Canada next month.
The boat is full of water .It is going to sink.
Will Vs Be going to
WILL
n Prediction (with no evidence)
n Immediate Plans
n Willingness
n Promise
n Polite Request
BE GOING TO
n Prediction (with evidence)
n Pre-Plan activities
n Intentions
Ø May/Might(possibility)
a. Look at those clouds .It may/might rain.
Ø Simple Present (planned schedules)
a. The college opens on 23rd June.
Ø Present Continuous Tense(planned activities)
a. I am going to Hirat tomorrow.
Ø Intend/Plan/Hope(future plans)
a. I hope to buy a new car this summer.
b. I intend to eat out tonight.
Ø Be about to(immediate future)
a. Don’t go out now. We are about to have a lunch.
b. let’s get in the train .It is about to leave.
Using Future Time Clause
Time Clause --------------------........-----Main Clause
Simple Present Tense will/be going to
E.g. When Khalil comes We will go to the party.
If Khalil comes We are going to go to the party.
As soon as Khalil comes We will go to the party.
Before I go to class tomorrow I am going to eat breakfast.
After I eat dinner I am going to study in my room.
Parallel Verbs
When a subject has two verbs connected by (And), we call it parallel verbs.
E.g. I will go home and pack my clothes.
He will come and stop the fight.
He will meet and seek the wisdom of old man.
Present Continuous Tense (Meaning Future)
By adding a future time expression to Present continuous tense, it shows future.
It shows strong intentions/plans.
E.g. I am meeting the director at 8:00am tomorrow.
Note:
with some verbs, it is recommended to use present continuous tense instead of be going to.
I.e. Go/Come/Stay/Arrive/Leave(definite plan)
Drive/Ride/Take/Fly/Walk(planned means of transportation)
Simple Present Tense (Meaning Future)
It shows events that are on definite schedule or timetable.
Mostly used with the following verbs:
arrive, leave, start, begin, end, finish, open, close, be. (definite schedule or time table)
E.g. Our semester ends in 4 months.
There is a flight to Heart at 9:30 tonight.
Present Plans for Future Activities
We use Plan/Intend/Hope to express our present plans for future.
Hope/Intend/Plan + to + verb + complement.
Hope/Intend/Plan (ing) + to + verb + complement
E.g. I intend to get the first position this time.
I am intending to get the first position this time.
CHAPTER 4
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
PAST PERFECT TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
We use present perfect in the following situations:
1. To show an action that happened or did not happen at unclear time in the past.
E.g. I have seen this car somewhere.
2. To show an action that has happened repeatedly in the past.
E.g. I have visited London twice.
I have sent him two letters.
3. To show that an action started in the past, continues till present and may/may not progress to future. (Since/For)
E.g. Afghanistan has developed since 2001.
Afghanistan has developed for the past 6 years.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSEStructure
Sub+ have/has + 3rd(verb) + complement.
E.g. Javed has broken his leg.
Sub+ have/has (not) + 3rd(verb) + complement.
E.g. Javed has not broken his leg.
Have/Has + sub + 3rd(verb) + complement?
E.g. Has Javed broken his leg?
Simple Past Vs Present Perfect
l Simple past shows an action that happened at a clear time in the past, but
l Present Perfect shows an action that happened at unclear time in the past.
E.g.
I have bought this car for 30,000 Af.
I bought this car for 30,000 Af last year.
SINCE & FOR
l Since: It shows starting point It can function as a:
l Preposition: It’s used before noun (exact time).
E.g. I have lived in Khair-Khana since 2001.
l Conjunction: It’s used before a past tense clause.
E.g. I have lived in Khair-Khana since H. K became the president.
l Adverb: It’s used alone to represent the time mentioned before.
E.g. We came to Khair-Khana in 2001. We have lived there since.
l For: It shows duration. It can function as a
l Preposition: of time and indirect object.
E.g. I have lived in Khair-Khana for 6 years.
l Conjunction: in formal English, which means (because).
E.g. I haven’t met my friend, for I was so busy.
Present Perfect Progressive Tense
It emphasizes on duration of an action that started in the past, continues to present without interruption and may progress to future.
It is recommended to use (since/for).
Sub + have/has been + v(ing) + complement
Soha has been studying for 3 hours.
Present Perfect Vs Present Perfect Progressive
l Present Perfect Tense
ü It can show repetition
ü It emphasizes on completion
ü The action is mostly interrupted
ü It shows complete actions
ü It can be used with all verbs
l Present Perfect Progressive
ü It can not show repetition
ü It emphasizes on duration
ü The action is continuously in progress
ü It shows incomplete actions
ü It’s only used with dynamic verbs
With durative verbs (study, work, live, teach….), there is no or rare difference between the two tenses.
E.g. I have lived here for two years.
I have been living here for two years.
Mid-Sentence Adverbs
Adverbs that typically occur in the middle of the sentence are called mid-sentence adverbs such as Adverbs of Frequency i.e. (already, finally, just & probably)
1. They come before main verb.
E.g. The students usually study hard during exams.
2. They come after auxiliary verb.
E.g. The students will usually study hard during exams.
3. They come after subject in questions.
E.g. Will they usually study hard during exams?
4. They come before negative auxiliary verb (Except Always and ever which come after negative auxiliary).
E.g. The students usually won’t study hard during exams.
E.g. The students won’t always study hard during exams.
Yet, Already, Still, Anymore, Yet
It means up to now. It is used in present perfect and
simple past. Used in (-) and frequently used in (?)
End Position
E.g.
I haven’t done my assignment yet.
I haven’t eaten lunch yet.
Have I done my assignment yet ?
Has he eaten lunch yet?
Already
It shows that something happened before another action. Used in (+), and frequently used in (?). Mid-Position
E.g.
I have already done my assignment.
I don’t have to study tonight. I have already finished all my homework.
Still
It means up to now or up to that time. It shows that something continuously progresses. Used in (+), (-) & frequently used in (?). Mid-position
E.g. It is still cold today.
I have read the book three times but I still didn’t understand it.
Is Sana still in class?
Note:
In negative sentences, still and yet expresses similar meanings.
I haven’t finished it yet and I still haven’t finished it are similar.
Anymore
It means no longer. It shows that past situation does not continue to exist at present. Used in (-) End Position.
E.g. Khalid doesn’t study BBA anymore.
I lived in Herat two years ago, but then I moved to another city. I don’t live in Herat anymore.
Past Perfect Tense
It shows an action or state that was completed before another action or time in the past.
Sub + had + 3rd (v) + complement
Khalil had finished school before he joined Kardan.
Past Perfect Vs Past Progressive
l Past Perfect shows an action that was completed before another action, but
E.g. I had eaten when Ali came.
l Past Progressive shows an action that was in progress when the second action happened.
E.g. I was eating when Ali came.
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Similar Expressions
Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs help to form a tense. They are combined with present , past participle and infinitive to form the tenses of ordinary verbs.
E.g. I am going to school.
I have gone to school.
I am to go.
Note:
There are 24 auxiliaries in English language which are divided in to three parts.1.Principle/Main 2. Modal 3. Semi modal
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
They are used to add additional meaning to the main verb of the sentence such as:
E.g. I speak English.
I can speak English.
Usages of Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Can: Ability
E.g. I can drive a truck.
Can: Possibility, Permission, Request
E.g. Can I use your phone please?
Similar Expressions and Semi-Modals
E.g. Be able to, Be supposed to, Be going to
E.g. Need, Dare, Used to,
Characteristics of Modals
E.g. The students can study algebra.
Ziaullah can study algebra.
E.g. ed, es, er, tion, ess…
E.g. You should speak English.
You ought to speak English.
Expressing Ability: can and could
We use “can, could, =be able to”
E.g. I can speak French.
I am able to speak French.
E.g. I could play cricket when I was a kid.
I was able to play cricket two years ago.
Note:
We can also use “can=be able to” for future ability.
E.g. You can buy a ball from a store.
Expressing Possibility:
may, might, can and couldWe can use (may, might, can and could) to express present and future possibility. They mean maybe and perhaps.
E.g. It may rain tomorrow or It might rain tomorrow.
He could be sick. (present)
It could start raining any minute. (future)
The train may/might/could//can arrive at 8:00.
E.g. I want to study after I graduate from school.
You could join Kabul University.
You could apply for scholarship.
Expressing Permission: may and can
E.g. You may have a cookie after dinner
OR
You can have a cookie after dinner.
Note:
Maybe – (one word) May be – may and the be(two words)
E.g. Maybe it will rain tonight. Maria may be sick.
Asking for Permission: May I , could I , can I
E.g. May/can/could I come in?
Note: when may/can (not could) are used after the subject, it means that the speaker is giving permission.
E.g. You may/can leave now.
Asking for Assistance: would you, could you ,will you and can you
E.g. Would you/could you/will you/can you please open the door?
Note:
a. Use of can is less formal than others.
b. May is not used when “You” is the subject of a polite request.
May you open the door? (incorrect)
Expressing Advice: should, ought to, had better
They mean: this is a good idea or advice.
E.g. My clothes are dirty. I should /ought to / had better wash them.
Note:
In the expression had better, had is used as part of an idiom and the meaning is not past. The meaning is present and future.
Expressing Necessity: have to, have got to, must
E.g. I have a very important test tomorrow.
I have to/ have got to/ must study tonight.
( have to/ have got to/must ) present (had to ) past
Note:
Have got to is generally used only in informal speech and writing.
Have to is used more frequently than must in every day speech and writing.
Must is a strong word and is used when there is no other choice.
CHAPTER 6
The Passive
Voice
Voice is the form of the verb in which the
subject affects something or is affected by
something.
1. If the subject affects something, it is called active voice.
E.g. I paint the walls.
2. If the subject is affected by something, it is called passive voice.
E.g. The walls are painted.
How to convert an Active Sentence into Passive?
1. Use [Be + 3rd (v)] structure for all passive sentences.
2. Find the object of the active sentence and bring it (along its modifiers) to the beginning as the subject of the passive.
3. Move the subject of active sentence to the end and put it as the complement of (By).
4. Only change the (To Be) according the main verb form of the active voice. (Page 120)
5. Do not change the position of adverbs and adverbials.
6. Do not covert to passive if the verb is in-transitive.
7. For imperative sentences use: Let + sub + be + 3rd (V).
8. Do not change the Perfect Progressive tenses to passive.
9. If a verb contains two objects (Direct & Indirect). Make one passive each.
Common Uses of Passive Voice
Passive Voice is used when:
l It is not necessary to mention the doer of an action.
l We don’t know who did the action.
l We have forgotten who did the action.
l Subject of active voice is people, someone etc.
l Subject of active voice is indefinite pronoun.
l We are more interested in the action than the person who did it.
l To add beauty or the variety in the speech.
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
Transitive verbs need to take object
whereas Intransitive don’t.
E.g. I sold my car.
I sleep late at night.
Note:
Only Sentences having transitive verbs can be changed to passive.
By Phrase
l By Phrase is called the agent of the passive sentence. Most passive S’s do not have by phrase. It’s only used when we want to know who performs the action.
E.g. Ford Motors are made in America.
This car is painted by my dad.
l We usually don’t use by phrase when the subject is people and someone.
E.g. People speak Uzbaki in Mazar e Shareef.
Uzbaki is spoken in Mazar e Shareef.
E.g. Someone stole my purse. My purse was stolen.
Progressive passive
We use:
Be + Being + 3rd (v)
E.g. The police are investigating the criminals.
The criminals are being investigated.
The criminals were being investigated.
Note:
We only use passive in simple progressive tenses not in the perfect progressive.
Passive Modals
We use:
M.X.V + Be + 3rd (V)
E.g. They should solve all the questions.
All the questions should be solved.
M.X.V’s = can, could, should, must, will, might, would, ought to, shall,
Passive with Get
The word ‘Get’ can be followed by a past
Participle to describe the subject. The past
Participle followed by ‘Get’ functions as an
Adjective. The use of ‘Get’ + Past Participle is
Often not appropriate in formal writing.
Examples:
I stopped working because I got tired.
I got worried when I saw the accident.
Note:
Get may be followed by certain adjectives.
Example:
The weather is getting cold.
Participle Adjectives
The Present Participle conveys an active
meaning. The noun it modifies does
something.
E.g. It is an interesting question.
Here the noun ‘question’ does something.
---------------------------
The Past Participle conveys a passive
meaning.
E.g. The students are confused.
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